New research has provided compelling evidence that humans, rather than glaciers, transported the iconic bluestones to Stonehenge. A study conducted by scientists at Curtin University challenges long-held beliefs about how these ancient rocks arrived at the famous site on Salisbury Plain in southern England.
Using advanced mineral “fingerprinting” techniques, the research team analyzed sediment grains preserved in nearby rivers. These microscopic grains serve as geological records, revealing how sediments have moved across Britain over millions of years. The study focused on over 500 zircon crystals, known for their durability, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment at Curtin’s John de Laeter Centre.
The findings build upon a major discovery in 2024, which identified a Scottish origin for the central six-tonne Altar Stone, a key feature of Stonehenge. This supports the theory that Neolithic builders deliberately sourced and transported the stones over considerable distances.
According to the study’s lead author, Dr. Anthony Clarke from the Timescales of Mineral Systems Group, no evidence was found to suggest that glaciers moved the stones. He stated, “If glaciers had carried rocks all the way from Scotland or Wales to Stonehenge, they would have left a clear mineral signature on the Salisbury Plain.”
Dr. Clarke explained that the research team examined river sands near Stonehenge for grains that glaciers might have carried. The absence of such grains strengthens the argument that humans were responsible for moving the bluestones. “That makes the alternative explanation – that humans moved the stones – far more plausible,” he added.
While the exact methods used by humans to transport the stones remain uncertain, speculation includes possibilities such as sailing them from Scotland or using rolling logs for land transport. Dr. Clarke noted, “What we do know is ice almost certainly didn’t move the stones.”
The co-author, Professor Chris Kirkland, emphasized the significance of modern geochemical tools in solving historical mysteries. “Stonehenge continues to surprise us,” he remarked. “By analyzing minerals smaller than a grain of sand, we have been able to test theories that have persisted for more than a century.”
Professor Kirkland also highlighted the broader implications of the research. “There are many questions surrounding this iconic monument, like why it was built in the first place. It likely served various purposes, such as a calendar, an ancient temple, or a feasting site.”
The paper titled “Detrital zircon–apatite fingerprinting challenges glacial transport of Stonehenge’s megaliths” was published in the journal Communications Earth and Environment. This research adds a vital piece to the ongoing exploration of Stonehenge’s origins and its significance in human history.
