Britain is preparing to enhance its legislative framework to combat increasing threats to undersea cables, often attributed to Russian activities. Reports indicate that the UK Government plans to significantly raise fines for ship owners whose vessels damage these critical infrastructures, which are vital for telecommunications and internet connectivity.
Interference with undersea cables has escalated over the past two years. Much of this activity is linked to Russia’s hybrid warfare tactics against NATO allies. Current penalties for damaging these cables, rooted in legislation dating back to the 1885 Submarine Telegraph Act, are considered insufficient. Ship owners can face a maximum fine of only £1,000, a figure deemed inadequate by government officials and legal experts.
Proposed Legislative Changes
Under the existing 2023 National Security Act, individuals can face life imprisonment for sabotage on behalf of a foreign power. However, proving such a connection is often challenging, especially when vessels operate under the guise of Russia’s “shadow fleet.” In response to this escalating threat, the Government is expected to introduce new legislation early next year that could raise fines to hundreds of thousands of pounds.
While the exact maximum penalty is still under review, it is noteworthy that similar legislation in Australia imposes fines of up to £500,000 for similar offences. Current prosecutions for cable damage are rare, which allows these “grey-zone” activities to continue with little consequence.
The impact of damage to undersea cables can be severe. The UK’s National Risk Register for 2025 warns that a coordinated attack could render transatlantic subsea cables inoperable, severely disrupting internet services and essential communication. A report by Parliament’s Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy called for urgent action to bolster the UK’s resilience against such threats, highlighting the vulnerability of these cables.
Government Response and Future Preparedness
In light of the increasing risks, the UK Government plans to establish a dedicated body to oversee policies related to undersea cables. This entity will focus on repair planning and enhancing security at landing sites. A Government spokesperson emphasized that protecting the subsea cable network is a national priority, and collaboration with industry partners and international allies is essential.
Recent activities have raised alarms, particularly concerning the Russian vessel, the Yantar, which has reportedly been mapping the UK’s undersea cables. Defence Secretary John Healey described recent actions by the Yantar as “deeply dangerous,” especially after its crew used lasers to interfere with Royal Air Force pilots tracking its movements.
Opposition lawmakers are urging the Government to act swiftly to address these threats. Conservative MP Ben Obese-Jecty highlighted the Yantar’s presence as indicative of the risks posed by adversaries like Russia. He stressed the importance of updating legislation to deter foreign actors from operating with impunity. Similarly, Liberal Democrat MP Edward Morello called for increased monitoring and protection of undersea cables, along with improved physical deterrents.
Despite legislative gaps, the UK Government asserts that the nation’s international connectivity remains resilient. UK cable repair times are among the fastest globally, with an average response time of just eight days, compared to a global average of 30 days. This efficiency is part of a broader strategy that combines military, diplomatic, and economic efforts to deter hostile actions against critical national infrastructure.
As the situation develops, the UK is poised to take significant steps to enhance its security measures and protect vital communication networks from potential sabotage.
