Recent concerns have emerged regarding Russia’s ability to intercept communications from European satellites. This issue has roots extending back to the initial invasion of Ukraine in 2014, with two Russian satellites reportedly surveilling European spacecraft. These actions have raised alarms about potential espionage and national security threats, reflecting a broader geopolitical tension.
The Russian satellites, identified as Luch/Olymp 1 and 2, have been conducting what are known as proximity and rendezvous operations (RPOs). These operations involve maneuvering close to other satellites, which can be interpreted as either benign or potentially malicious. In 2018, French Defence Minister Florence Parly accused Russia of espionage after these satellites were observed near a Franco-Italian military communications satellite. Instances of similar targeting have also been noted with two Intelsat satellites.
While RPOs can serve legitimate purposes like refueling satellites or clearing space debris, the actions of the Luch satellites have shifted the narrative. Their persistent presence near European satellites has lasted for months and sometimes brought them within five kilometers of their targets. This behavior deviates from typical inspection missions, which generally involve brief approaches to gather data before moving on.
The primary function of the Luch satellites appears to be signals intelligence (Sigint). By positioning themselves strategically between European satellites and their ground stations, they can intercept communications. This includes signals from significant players like Eutelsat, a French company, and Intelsat, a Luxembourgish-American consortium. These satellites are essential for secure military communications and other critical services.
Despite characterizing the Luch satellites primarily as surveillance tools, their capabilities should not be underestimated. Major General Michael Traut, commander of Germany’s Space Command, has indicated that these satellites might have intercepted command links used to transmit operational instructions to European satellites. If confirmed, such capabilities could enable Russia to disrupt European space operations.
This situation parallels Russia’s ongoing hybrid campaign against European undersea cables, which has involved covert mapping and attempts to sever fibre optic connections. The Luch satellites’ activities in space may reflect similar strategic efforts aimed at weakening European support for Ukraine.
In response to these developments, Europe has started to increase transparency regarding Russia’s activities in geostationary orbit. Historically, such operations were often shrouded in secrecy. By making this information public, European nations aim to delegitimize Russian actions and bolster their own counterspace initiatives. Countries like the UK and Germany have begun advocating for the development of robust counterspace systems to protect their interests.
The importance of safeguarding space-enabled services cannot be overstated. As reliance on satellites for military communications and economic connectivity grows, Europe must prioritize orbital security as part of its broader strategic framework. Without a comprehensive strategy that includes self-defense capabilities, Europe risks becoming increasingly vulnerable to escalatory actions in space.
The situation underscores the necessity for countries to adapt to evolving challenges in space, ensuring that they are adequately prepared for potential threats. As the geopolitical landscape continues to shift, the implications of these satellite operations will likely remain significant in the context of international relations and security.
